What's Icing a Cake Got to Do With Pixels and Resolution in Photoshop?

Tutorials on Photoshop are invariably involved with working directly on photographic images. Itsybitsy concentration is paid to explaining what is happening under the bonnet or hood. This record intends to elucidate all about pixels and resolution which make up digital images. The follow-up articles deal with 8 bit and 16 bit.

Computerized images are made up of pixels, which are small squares of digital facts with a colour value. The word pixel is an abbreviation of the expression 'picture element'. Pixels have no inherent size because their size will depend on the resolution of the image. With two files of the same dimensions, a file with a resolution of 150 pixels per inch will have larger pixels than a file of 300 pixels per inch.

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The images in image-editing programmes are known as bitmap images, sometimes referred to as raster images. Drawing programmes, such as Illustrator and Freehand, create vector graphics which are created mathematically. Vector programmes are best mighty for type and strong graphics where sharp edges are required, because when an image is resized, a new mathematical calculation is made and capability is maintained.

When discussing a bitmap image, it should be referred to as pixels per inch (ppi) or pixels per centimetre (ppcm) - not dots per inch (dpi). The image file is made of pixels and the image on the screen is made of pixels. Respectable text books and magazines sometimes talk of dpi here but it is wrong and this term should be reserved for monitors and particularly for printing. In printing, dots of ink are laid down on paper and the two situations need to be distinguished.

So it's ppi for digital images and screen images, and dpi for prints.

The amount of pixels per inch needs to be related with the dimensions of the image in order to give the image resolution. The more data that is recorded by a digital camera or scanner, the higher will be the resolution of the image file. 300ppi in itself is not necessarily a higher resolution than 150ppi; it means nothing until the image dimensions are included.

An image of 150 ppi for an image size of 8" x 10" would be written: 8"x10" @ 150ppi, which is 1200 pixels x 1500 pixels or 20.3x25.4cm @ 60ppcm.

An image of 300 ppi for an image size of 8" x 10" would be written: 8"x10" @ 300ppi, which is 2400 pixels x 3000 pixels or 20.3x25.4cm @ 120ppcm.

In this example, 8x10 @ 300ppi is going to be a higher resolution than 8x10 @ 150ppi. However, 8x10 @ 150ppi will not be a lower resolution than 4x5 @ 300ppi. The two are exactly the same; they both have a file size of 5.16 megabytes (5.16 Mb). The 8x10 @ 150 file could be resized to make it 4x5 @ 300ppi and the two will look and reproduce exactly the same.

The connection of pixels to area might come to be clearer if we correlate it to tiling a floor. With tiles half a metre square, a floor area of 2 metres by 2 metres would require 16 tiles. An area of 4 metres by 4 metres would require 64 tiles - four times as many. Pixels and files sizes work the same way.

Files sizes are measured in kilobytes (Kb), megabytes (Mb) or very occasionally gigabytes (Gb).

8 bits make 1 byte;
1024 bytes make one kilobyte;
1000 kilobytes make one megabyte; (one million bytes make 1Mb)
1000 megabytes make one gigabyte; (one thousand million bytes make 1Gb).

As well as the resolution, how an image looks will also depend on the viewing distance. A small image might require a high resolution because it is viewed closely and hence examined more closely. A road billboard is likely to be of lower resolution because it is seen from a greater length and printed on quite a common screen. When an image is examined from a length closer than normal, the pixels come to be noticeable and the image is said to pixelate. Recommended file sizes for distinct outputs are discussed later.

A monitor screen also has a resolution, such as 800 x 600 or 1024 x 768, measured in pixels. If an image has a pixel dimension of 800 x 600 then it will fit on to a 800 x 600 screen whereas it will appear small on a screen set at 1024 x 768.

In Photoshop, double-clicking on the Zoom tool enlarges the image to 100% which means the pixels of the image will be matched with the pixels of the screen setting. A Pc monitor displays at 96ppi and a Mac monitor displays at 72ppi, although some of the newer Mac screens are at 100ppi.

A file of 300ppi @ 4" x 5" will have a pixel dimension of 1200 x 1500. When displayed at 100% on a 1024 x 768 monitor, the screen will not be able to show the whole image at once and Pc and Mac monitors will view the image slightly differently. This is why when designing a web site, all dimensions of images and text must be in pixels and not centimetres or inches, otherwise the layout will go haywire when viewed on the other platform.

Standard resolution of images for press printing is 300ppi, which virtually equates to 120pixels per cm. In actual fact 120ppcm is equal to 305ppi, but either is near enough. This allows printing at 150 lines per inch, which is determined thorough for most press printing.

So what's this got to do with icing a cake?
To elucidate how file size, resolution and image size work together, think about icing a cake.

A quantum of icing is the file size.

The size of the cake is the image size.

The thickness of the icing on the cake is the resolution.

1. Spread our quantum of icing over a small cake (50mm x 50mm) and we get a thickness of 40mm (a high resolution).

2. Spread that same quantum of icing over a larger cake (100mm x 100mm) and we get a thickness of 10mm (a much lower resolution).

3. The file size (our quantum of icing) is the same in both cases.

What's Icing a Cake Got to Do With Pixels and Resolution in Photoshop?

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easy Instructions For A Range Hood installation

A lot of population will not use the range hoods that they have because they are old and they make too much noise. Unfortunately if you do not use your hood when cooking this can consequent in the odors, smoke and steam to spread throughout your home and then cause you problems in the future. However a range hood facility is quite a easy procedure and is something that you yourself should be able to perfect in a morning.

In order to carry out the work there are a number of different tools and materials that you will need.

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1. Range Hood

2. Screwdriver

3. Pencil

4. Circuit Tester

5. Wire Nuts

6. Screws (these should commonly be in case,granted with the new range hood that you have purchased).

The first thing that you should when preparing to remove an old hood and replacing with a new one is switched of the power contribute to that particular area of the kitchen. Once this has done you can then carry out the following steps. However in order to replace it you will need man to help you. Also ensure that you have the right size hood remember that the new one should overlap the cooker top on each side by about 3 inches.

Step 1

Firstly you will need to find the electrical association for this particular appliance. Often it is located in a position close to the light fitting on the hood. Once you have located the wiring you need to disconnect it by removing the wire nuts. As soon as the nuts are removed you will need to detach the connections.

Step 2

Now you have disconnected the wiring you now need to ask man to reserve the weight of the hood whilst you loosen the screws which hold it in place. remove the hood off of the screws which are supporting it and then put it to one side. Then you can finally remove the screws completely.

Step 3

You now need to part how far down the old hood was placed. Hopefully if it was colse to about 24 to 30 inches from the top of the stove top then this is okay. But if not then you will need to carry out some alterations to ensure that the base of the hood from the top of the stove falls within this range. Also ensure that you have adequate wiring also.

Step 4

It is foremost that you look at the direction in which the venting is going. This should either run up through the cabinet or out through the wall at the back. With most range hood facility projects you will find that contemporary hoods are able to accommodate both kinds of venting quite easily. However it will genuinely depend on just what kind of holes it has in order for it to gain access to the ductwork.

Once you have supplanted the old hood with the new one by carrying out the above steps starting at number 4 and going back up to step 1. Then you will need to tighten up the screws which are used to reserve it and ensure that they are wholly secure. The final things you will need to do once you have completed your range hood facility is to test the electrics by turning on the fan and the lights to see if they are working correctly.

easy Instructions For A Range Hood installation

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